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Biodiversity in the Marine Environment

Книга Biodiversity in the Marine Environment


Автор: Philippe Goulletquer • Philippe Gros Gilles Boeuf • Jacques Weber
Название: Biodiversity in the Marine Environment
Издательство: Springer
Год: 2014
Формат: pdf
Размер: 14.7Mb
Язык: Английский
Oceans and seas cover more than 70 % of the Earth and hold extraordinarily rich
biodiversity, right down to great depths where abundant life forms thrive near ocean ridges. But marine biodiversity remains poorly known and faces numerous threats. Endangered by ever-increasing pressures from human activities, it is also sensitive to climate-based disturbances, in particular their consequences on ocean acidification.
Contents
1 The Importance of Marine Biodiversity
Key Features
Hierarchical Components
The Functional Significance of Biodiversity
Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
2 The Impacts of Human Activities on Marine Biodiversity
The Strategic Value of Research
3 Status and Trends
How Many Marine Species are There?
Taxonomic Records
Cryptic Species
The DNA Barcode
The Drive to Identify New Species
The “Taxonomic Impediment”
Extinct Species
Endangered Species
Ecosystems Under Pressure: The Deep Sea
Climate Change
Acidification, a “Chemical Mirror” of Ocean Warming
Spatial Patterning of Characteristics
Large-Scale Patterns
Local Patterns (Habitats)
Habitat Classification
Population Structure and Connectivity
Biological Invasions
Temporal Patterns
Geological Scale
Historical Scale
Cascading Effects
Fisheries Trends—Other Uses of Marine Ecosystems
Dedicated Time Series
4 Conceptualising Biodiversity
Conceptual Frameworks for Relationships Between Biodiversity and Human Societies
Choice of Model Framework
5 Measuring Biodiversity
Measuring Genetic Diversity
Measuring Species Diversity
Assessing the Value of Marine Biodiversity
Analytical Methods Relevant to the Human Dimensions of
Marine Biodiversity
Methods of Social Science Analysis
Understanding the Human Context
Understanding Human Interactions
Understanding Costs and Benefits of Biodiversity Protections
Understanding Impacts of Actions to Protect Marine Biodiversity
Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Indicators (SINP-Mer Jointly Operated by Ifremer, MNHN and AAMP)
6 Drivers of Changes in Biodiversity and its Uses
Environmental Drivers: A Working Framework
Evolutionary Timescales
Ecological Timescales
Causes of Pressures
Importance of Disturbance: Biodiversity, Resilience and Robustness of Marine Ecosystems
The Scientific Challenge
Knowns
Unknowns
Human Drivers
Knowns
Unknowns
Social
Cultural
7 Integrated Scenarios and Policies
Policies and Decision Support
Developing Scenarios
Qualitative Learning from Past Experience
Quantitative Learning from Past Experience
Learning from Analytical and Mathematical Reasoning
Learning from Virtual Experiments (in silico)
Learning by Doing
Quantitative Methods, Models and Integrated Assessment
Coupling Ecological, Environmental and Socioeconomic Models
Diversity vs. Homogeneity of Models
Modelling: Scenarios and Assessment Challenges
Complex Dynamic Systems
Multi-Criteria Issues
Sustainability and Intergenerational Equity
Precaution, Risk Analysis and Management
Adaptive Management
Governance, Coordination and Compliance
8 Research Needs
The Framework: Environmental Research
Research Systems
Sustaining Ecosystem Services
Naturalistic Dimensions
Linking Ecological Functions and Ecosystem Services
Measuring the Genetic Basis of Biodiversity
Differentiating Evolutionary and Ecological Time Scales
Putting Fish Stocks Back in Their Ecosystems
Impacts of Physical Amenities and Pollution on Biodiversity
Human Dimensions of Research
Data Issues
Cultures, Institutions, Appropriation
Demographics and Economics
Decision-Making Processes
Developing Modelling: A Summarising Approach
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